[INDOLOGY] Gender, Power, and Rape when Conducting Research

Sun Apr 29 04:20:24 UTC 2018

I found the following English translation:

>From Manusmrti (Laws of Manu) Chapter III

20. Now listen to the brief description of the following eight
marriage-rites used by the four castes (varna) which partly secure benefits
and partly produce evil both in this life and after death.

21. They are the rite of Brahmana (Brahma), that of the gods (Daiva), that
of the Rishis (Arsha), that of Prajapati (Prajapatya), that of the Asuras
(Asura), that of the Gandharvas (Gandharva), that of the Rakshasas
(Rakshasa), and that of the Pisakas (Paisaka).

22. Which is lawful for each caste (varna) and which are the virtues or
faults of each (rite), all this I will declare to you, as well as their
good and evil results with respect to the offspring.

23.One may know that the first six according to the order (followed above)
are lawful for a Brahmana, the four last for a Kshatriya, and the same
four, excepting the Rakshasa rite, for a Vaisya and a Sudra.

24. The sages state that the first four are approved (in the case) of a
Brahmana, one, the Rakshasa rite in the case of a Kshatriya, and the Asura
(marriage in that) of a Vaisya and of a Sudra.

25. But in these institutes of the sacred law, three of the five (last) are
declared to be lawful and two unlawful; *the Paisaka and the Asura rites
must never be used.*

26. For Kshatriyas those before mentioned two rites, the Gandharva and the
Rakshasa, whether separate or mixed, are permitted by the sacred tradition.

On Sun, Apr 29, 2018 at 8:40 AM, Nagaraj Paturi <nagarajpaturi at gmail.com>
wrote:

> I think Prof. Slaje's
>
> It is well known that “secret intercourse with a woman who is asleep,
> drunk, or mentally deranged” is categorized as a form of “marriage” in
> ancient Indian law books.
>
> Manu (3.34) uses “*upa-gam*” – *inire feminam* (pw) / to approach a woman
> sexually (MW) – for the consummation of “marriage”. *upa-gam* is a common
> verb for “having sex” in a general sense.
>
>
> is a reference to paiśācha as a vivāha.
>
> Attention may be paid to the name of the  vivāha . piśācha --> paiśācha
>
> Each of the  vivāhas is described as found among a certain community.
>
> Does anyone have info on which community is described as following  paiśācha
> as a vivāha?
>
>
>
>
> On Fri, Apr 27, 2018 at 1:02 PM, Walter Slaje via INDOLOGY <
> indology at list.indology.info> wrote:
>
>> There is also this:
>>
>> https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/mahmood-farooqui-and-his-acquit
>> tal-in-rape-case-1803070
>>
>> And this:
>>
>> https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mahmood-farooqui-
>> rape-acquittal-extremely-well-decided-says-supreme-court-
>> dismissing-appeal-against-earlier-verdict/articleshow/62566322.cms
>>
>> The Mahātmā moreover stated:
>>
>> „I have always held that it is physically impossible to violate a woman
>> against her will. [ . . . ] If she cannot meet the assailant's physical
>> might, her purity will give her the strength to die before he succeeds
>> in violating her. [ . . . ] I know that women are capable of throwing
>> away their lives for a much lesser purpose. Only a few days ago a young
>> girl of twenty burnt herself to death as she felt she was being persecuted
>> for refusing to go in for ordinary studies. And she perished with such cool
>> courage and determination. She ignited her sari with an ordinary oil-light
>> and did not so much as raise a cry, so that the people in the neighbouring
>> room were unaware of the happening until all was over.” *Harijan*, 25-8-1940
>> and 1-9-1940.
>>
>> (Quoted from M. K. GANDHI, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
>> (Electronic Book). 98 volumes. New Delhi: Publications Division Government
>> of India 1999. [http://www.gandhiserve.org/ cwmg/
>> <http://gandhiserve.org/cwmg/> cwmg.html] 79, Nr. 130: 126 f).
>>
>>
>>
>> Modern American and traditional Indian notions of rape, honour, consent
>> and “sexual interaction” (e.g., the exchange of kisses can count as such)
>> seem to differ widely.
>>
>>
>>
>> It is well known that “secret intercourse with a woman who is asleep,
>> drunk, or mentally deranged” is categorized as a form of “marriage” in
>> ancient Indian law books.
>>
>> Manu (3.34) uses “*upa-gam*” – *inire feminam* (pw) / to approach a
>> woman sexually (MW) – for the consummation of “marriage”. *upa-gam* is a
>> common verb for “having sex” in a general sense.
>>
>>
>>
>> In the given context, recent English translations use however “to rape”
>> as an equivalent (see Olivelle 2005, p. 110). Interpretations follow suit:
>> “Tantamount to rape” (Jamison in Olivelle & Davis (ed.), Hindu Law 2017, p.
>> 130).
>>
>>
>>
>> Unless supported by unambiguous evidence, such readings should be treated
>> as notionally anachronistic interpretations reflexively projected onto
>> ancient India. What appears to be “rape”, or to be “tantamount to rape”, in
>> the eyes of 21st century Western Indologists, does not necessarily
>> represent the viewpoint of a (pre)modern Indian society.
>>
>>
>>
>> With regard to its connotation, Doniger (1991: 46) and Michaels (2010:
>> 49) offer neutral and therefore more faithful translations of *upa-gam*:
>> “to have sex with” and “Beischlaf”.
>>
>>
>>
>> Actually, we are in dire need of a substantial investigation into the
>> history of the notions of “rape” as they prevailed in premodern India. This
>> will help to understand and assess their (dis)continuation also in the
>> thinking of today.
>>
>>
>>
>> Best,
>>
>> WS
>>
>> -----------------------------
>> Prof. Dr. Walter Slaje
>> Hermann-Löns-Str. 1
>> D-99425 Weimar
>> Deutschland
>>
>>
>>
>> 2018-04-26 15:27 GMT+02:00 Audrey Truschke via INDOLOGY <
>> indology at list.indology.info>:
>>
>>> Dear Colleagues,
>>>
>>> I would like to share this insightful, brave piece written by a PhD
>>> student at Columbia University about her experience pursuing a rape charge
>>> against Mahmood Farooqui in the Indian judicial system. I think it is
>>> relevant for Indologists, especially for sending students to conduct
>>> research abroad, dealing with our own instances of sexual misconduct in the
>>> field, and thinking about gender and power dynamics.
>>>
>>> https://scroll.in/article/876788/healing-myself-a-woman-reco
>>> unts-her-struggles-after-a-court-acquitted-the-man-she-accused-of-rape
>>>
>>> Audrey
>>>
>>> Audrey Truschke
>>> Assistant Professor
>>> Department of History
>>> Rutgers University-Newark
>>>
>>> _______________________________________________
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>>>
>>
>>
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>
>
>
> --
> Nagaraj Paturi
>
> Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA.
>
>
> BoS, MIT School of Vedic Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra
>
> BoS, Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth, Veliyanad, Kerala
>
> Former Senior Professor of Cultural Studies
>
> FLAME School of Communication and FLAME School of  Liberal Education,
>
> (Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA )
>
>
>
>

-- 
Nagaraj Paturi

Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA.

BoS, MIT School of Vedic Sciences, Pune, Maharashtra

BoS, Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth, Veliyanad, Kerala

Former Senior Professor of Cultural Studies

FLAME School of Communication and FLAME School of  Liberal Education,

(Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA )

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