[INDOLOGY] Accuracy in translations

Sat Jun 9 19:08:22 UTC 2018

Dear Dan,

Among the additional observations you have provided, I thought your last
paragraph was especially relevant for providing a proper perspective on the
Tibetan translations of Sanskrit texts.

First, it is only fair to say that I am unable to regard as a myth the idea
that the Tibetan translations are more literal than the Chinese
translations, and to concisely state the reasons why. In my attempt to
gather all printed editions of Sanskrit Buddhist texts I have usually read
the introductions. These, when they spoke of the Tibetan and Chinese
translations, uniformly spoke of the Tibetan translations as being more
literal than the Chinese translations. I do not recall a single exception.
This is equally true of introductions to English translations of Sanskrit
Buddhist texts. Additionally, the many critical reviews by J. W. de Jong
and others said the same. My own forays into the Tibetan canonical texts in
comparison with the Sanskrit texts had also impressed me with their
literalness. More often than not they even followed the Sanskrit word
order, only moving the verb to the end when it was not already there, such
as in Sanskrit verse. The two examples I cited from Gadjin Nagao are
particularly instructive, not only because his wide familiarity with
Buddhist texts is undoubted, but also because they are from word-indexes
that obviously took full and careful account of the words in the texts.
Thus, I cannot regard the idea that the Tibetan translations are more
literal than the Chinese translations as a myth.

Your last paragraph points to what can well be regarded as a myth: the idea
that the Tibetan translations are so accurate that nothing else is needed,
and hence they can be accurately translated without reference to the
Sanskrit. I, too, have been disappointed in the quality of the many
translations made only from the Tibetan translations, when Sanskrit
editions exist. Why would a translator purposely choose to translate a
translation when an original is available? Leaving aside the many cases
where we no longer have the Sanskrit, the rationale for translating a
Tibetan translation rather than the Sanskrit is the transmission lineage.
There is a widespread belief that a text cannot be properly understood
unless there is an unbroken lineage of transmission of the text from the
time it was written up to the present. The Tibetans have retained the
transmission lineages for their translations, while the transmission
lineages have been lost for the Sanskrit texts when these fell out of use
in India. So we have the strange situation that the Tibetans highly respect
the Sanskrit texts as their sourceworks, but do not wish to use them.

As a personal aside, of little or no relevance to this discussion, Xuanzang
is one of my heroes. I have the greatest respect for his incredible journey
to India in search of Sanskrit texts to bring back to China. Then back
there, he translated more Sanskrit texts than anyone has ever done in known
history. As É <https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%89>tienne Lamotte wrote:
“Hsüan-tsang, who spent the last nineteen years of his life translating
some 75 Sūtras and Śāstras, was the greatest expert in Buddhist literature
of all time.” (*The Teaching of Vimalakīrti*, 1976, p. xxxv)

Best regards,

David Reigle
Colorado, U.S.A.

On Fri, Jun 8, 2018 at 11:33 AM, Dan Lusthaus <prajnapti at gmail.com> wrote:

> David,
>
> Your analogy to modern translations is apt.
>
> While you continue to document the pervasiveness of the myth, perhaps we
> should let the other shoe drop. While it is true that there are differences
> between the various Chinese translations of the Mahāyānasamgraha, a more
> complete account would mention that there are actually seven Chinese
> translations (including bhāṣya and upanibandhana), by four translators.
>
> Mahāyānasaṃgraha (Asaṅga)
> (1) (T. 1592) Translation by Buddhaśanta in 531.
>
> (2) (T. 1593) Translation by Paramārtha in 563.
>
> (3) (T. 1594) Translation by Xuanzang in 649.
> --
>
> (4) (T. 1595) Mahāyānasaṃgraha-bhāṣya (Vasubandhu’s comm.)
> Translation by Paramārtha in 563.
>
> (5) (T. 1596) Mahāyānasaṅgraha-bhāṣya
> Translation by Dharmagupta, sometime between 605-616.
>
> (6) (T. 1597) Mahāyānasaṅgraha-bhāṣya
> Translation by Xuanzang in 648.
> --
>
> (7) (T. 1598) Mahāyānasaṃgrahopanibandhana (*Asvabhāva’s sub-comm.)
> Translation by Xuanzang between 647-649.
>
> The two versions that dominated E. Asian attention were those by
> Paramārtha (with -bhāṣya) and the three versions by Xuanzang. Dharmagupta’s
> translation, done while Xuanzang was a youngster, never rivaled
> Paramārtha’s version which was the hot item in that period, totally
> eclipsing Buddhaśanta’s earlier effort. Study groups and temples all
> devoted inordinate attention to Paramārtha’s She lun; everyone studied it,
> masters lectured on it, it was on the reading list for all Buddhist sects
> in China, including early Chan. It is precisely due to its defects —
> ideological distortions, not just translation errors — that led Xuanzang to
> put not only the Mahāyānasaṃgraha on his to-do list when he returned from
> India in 645, but to retranslate Vasubandhu’s comm. and introduce
> *Asvabhāva’s subcommentary, just to make sure the correct reading of the
> text would become available in China. When Griffiths, Keenan, et al.,
> worked on the 10th chapter with Hakamaya, they found that the Tibetan of
> Asvabhāva’s subcommentary basically concurred with Xuanzang’s text —
> though, if you read their introduction, they are somewhat struggling with
> that realization, since another important Japanese scholar, Ui Hakuju, had
> championed Paramārtha’s texts over Xuanzang’s (another ideological myth
> with some live embers in Asia) — and the evidence of the texts they were
> reading was indicating otherwise.
>
> There are only three Tibetan versions: one for the main text, one for
> Vasubandhu’s comm., and one for the Asvabhāva subcommentary. The first and
> third are attributed to basically the same translators, with a redactor
> homogenizing the third as well. So “uniformity” is not surprising.
>
> (1) Mahāyānasaṃgraha (theg pa chen po bsdus pa)
> translation ascribed to Jinamitra, Śīlendrabodhi, Ye-shes-sde
>
> (2) Mahāyānasaṃgraha-bhāṣya (theg pa chen po bsdus pa'i 'grel pa)
> translation ascribed to Ātīśa Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna, Nag-tsho
> Tshul-khrims-rgyal-ba
>
> (3) Mahāyānasaṃgrahopanibandhana (theg pa chen po bsdus pa'i bshad sbyar)
>
> translation ascribed to Jinamitra, Śīlendrabodhi, Ye-shes-sde
> with revisions ascribed to R. Dpal brtsegs
>
> That they agree with Xuanzang’s text would suggest either that Xuanzang
> and the Tibetans were good at capturing the Sanskrit, or (!) that the
> Tibetan translations and/or redactions were done with one eye on Xuanzang’s
> rendition. The Sanskrit has not survived, so we can’t rule either
> possibility out.
>
> But a bigger issue is the role of redaction, revision, on what becomes the
> received texts. Even apart from known variants in different editions of the
> Chinese and Tibetan canons, there were wholesale ‘revisions’ of many texts,
> some multiple times.
>
> But more germane to the Chinese vs Tibetan translation issues:
>
> There are two Tib. versions of the Trisvabhāvanirdeśa — one designating
> Vasubandhu as the original author and the other naming Nāgārjuna as the
> author. (I don’t think it is possible that either of them had anything to
> do with it). There are serious discrepancies between these two translations.
>
> Or, to take a more influential text, there are two divergent translations
> of Dignāga’s Pramāṇasamuccaya, both of which, while unavoidable since the
> Skt was lost, were commonly panned as bad translations. With the recovery
> of the Skt of Jinendrabuddhi’s -ṭīkā, which retains perhaps 70% of
> Dignāga’s original text, we can now see more clearly what the Sanskrit
> underlying the two Tib translations was, and suddenly some are beginning to
> say the Tib translations weren’t so bad after all. I suspect that
> reappraisal is a result of knowing what the Tibetan is *supposed* to
> indicate, and then finding it there. Reading in the other direction is more
> fraught.
>
> One could make a similar case for some Chinese translations as well. Some
> years back a reading group of grad students was reading the Yogācārabhūmi
> with me. Our procedure was to read a passage in Skt, translate it orally,
> and then look at Xuanzang’s Chinese and translate that. We often looked at
> the Tibetan as well, esp. for thornier passages. After some weeks, the
> students, most of whom were Chinese, remarked how impressed they were with
> Xuanzang’s translation, declaring him great and accurate. I cautioned it
> only looks that way because they had already worked on the Sanskrit and
> knew what to look for. They disagreed. So the next session, I had them read
> Xuanzang’s Chinese version first, and translate that. They cobbled together
> a plausible reading. Then I had them read the Sanskrit. They immediately
> recognized the mistakes they had just made. Since they were native readers
> of Chinese, trained in reading classical and Buddhist Chinese as well as
> Sanskrit (two had studied Sanskrit and Pali for years in India and Sri
> Lanka, and one was a monk), the mistakes they made were not ’student’
> mistakes but natural misreadings that can occur in the absence of the
> underlying Sanskrit. (Incidentally, on the few occasions when Xuanzang and
> the Tib diverged, it was almost always because each was offering a
> legitimate interpretation of what the Sanskrit said, but their
> interpretations differed.)
>
> One can find better and worse translations in Chinese and Tibetan. Some
> years back I complained at a conference on Buddhist translations that many
> of the translations of classic Buddhist texts coming out in English from
> Tibetan versions of Indian texts were insipid, lacking in conceptual
> distinctness and clarity (of course, there are many exceptions to that, but
> that does identify a certain genre of English representations, which I will
> leave unidentified). One of the conference participants, an important
> scholar, in defense of those translations, replied: “To be fair, that’s how
> they read in Tibetan, too."
>
> As we all know, translation is never as easy as it looks — and it doesn’t
> even look easy.
>
> Dan
>
>

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