Pali
Michael Everson
everson at indigo.ie
Fri Nov 8 18:06:23 UTC 1996
Readers of INDOLOGY with an interest in Buddhism and Pali grammar may be
interested in a paper I wrote some time ago:
Some remarks on conceptualization and transcendent experience in the
Theravâda tradition, with two notes on translation
http://www.indigo.ie/egt/misc/vitakka.html
Svasti,
Michael Everson
>âFrom 101621.104 at CompuServe.COM 08 96 Nov EST 15:56:05
Date: 08 Nov 96 15:56:05 EST
From: Anthony P Stone <101621.104 at CompuServe.COM>
Subject: Uniform transliteration of Brahmic scripts
After this summer's discussion on this list and with the expectation of
further discussion at Bangalore in January (at which I can't be present),
here is a _brief_ presentation of four *tentative* transliteration
schemes, for different purposes. They are largely based on existing
schemes. I am grateful to Leslaw Borowski, P D ("Das") Menon, and
Dominik Wujaskyk for input of various sorts; the shortcomings of the
schemes are my own.
= Draft 0.2 dated Nov 8, 1996 =
SCRIPTS covered: Assamese, Bengali, Devanagari (+ extensions), Grantha,
Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu.
The question of what belongs to what script is not considered in detail.
Transliteration SCHEMES:
P. for print, using the full resources of fonts/type;
Computer storage using 7-bit coding (ISO/IEC 10646, IRV):
C1. Case insensitive coding (stressing elegance);
C2. Case sensitive coding (stressing economy);
also variations for use on a typewriter.
NOTATION for Latin characters with diacritical marks: If L stands for any
Latin letter and A, B, C, D stand for any diacritics, the expression
L(A/B) denotes the letter L with diacritic A above and B below it, and
(given here for completeness) the expression scriptname L(A/B)[C/D]
denotes the form of L(A/B) in the script 'scriptname', with diacritic C
above and D below it; where mark A is to replace the dot of a dotted Latin
letter. (Superfluous elements may be omitted depending on context.)
Marks which cannot be typed in 7-bit ascii are:
o = small circle
ss = small semicircle open upwards [usual short vowel sign]
cb = candrabindu
at = acute accent
NOTES are at the end.
===
P: a a(-/)i i(-/) u u(-/) r(/o) r(-/o) l(/o) l(-/o) e(ss/) e ai o(ss/)
C1: a aa i ii u uu r` r# l` l# :e e ai :o
C2: a A i I u U r` R` l` L` e E ai o (1)
------
P: o au e(^/) o(^/) Mal half-u: u(ss/)
C1: o au ^e ^o :u
C2: O au ^e ^o (2) :u
------
visarga ardhavisarga jihvamuliya upadhmaniya Tam aytam
P: h(/.) h(./) h(/-) h(/..) k(/-)
C1: .h ;h _h :h _k
C2: H ;h _h :h (3) K (4)
------
anusvara anunasika Tel ardhanusvara
P: m(./) m(cb/) n(-/)
C1: .m =m -n
C2: M =m -n
------
P: k kh g gh n(./)
C1: k kh g gh ;n
C2: k kh g gh G
------
P: c ch j jh n(~/)
C1: c ch j jh ~n
C2: c ch j jh J
------
P: t(/.) t(/.)h d(/.) d(/.)h n(/.) r(/.) r(/.)h l(/.)
C1: .t .th .d .dh .n .r .rh .l
C2: T Th D Dh N R Rh L (5)
------
P,C1,C2:
t th d dh n
p ph b bh m
y r l v (6)
------
P: y(/.) r(^/) s(at/) s(/.) s h
C1: .y ^r ;s .s s h
C2: Y (7) ^r (8) C S s h
------
Dravidian: velar fricative alveolars
P: z(/.) r(/-) n(/-)
C1: .z _r _n
C2: z _r _n
------
P: k(/.) k(/.)h g(/.) j(/.) p(/.)h
C1, C2: .k .kh .g .j .ph
------
P,C1,C2: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
------
Accents: Udatta, stress accent Svarita Anudatta
P: (over vowel) (at/) ('/) (`/)
C1, C2: (after vowel) / | \
------
Other signs in the original text:
avagraha, apostrophe omitted character
P: apostrophe mult. sign
C1,C2: ' X
------
Other signs not in the original text:
ambiguous vowel hyphen at end of line word abbreviated at
hiatus line break in original beginning or end
P: _ hyphen / (o/)
C1,C2: _ -- / -
===
VARIATIONS for use with a typewriter:
^ ~ ` | \ #
* ? ! % & $ (or pound sign or !!)
===
NOTES
(1):e, :o are the short Dravidian vowels.
(2)^e, ^o are 'new' Dev vowels, used (e.g.) for English words.
(3)jihvamulia and upadhmaniya each have old forms; ardhavisarga is an
old form of both (cf. F. Kittel, A Kannada-English dictionary, 1894).
(4)R. Caldwell distinguishes Tam aytam (velar fricative) from visarga.
(5)Dev .lh may be treated as a ligature, as its graphical form suggests.
(6)Ori has .l here and l later. Ben, Ori do not distinguish v from b,
but Ori has a separate v (pronounced /w/) for Urdu and English words.
(7)Ass, Ben, Ori.
(8)Mar reph.
Tony Stone
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