Dear INDOLOGists,

I'm curious to know more about how तोरण/toraṇa and तोरणात्म/toraṇātma are working in these example verses from a text I'm working on (see attached screenshot). For context, the text is a late medieval/early modern sthana-mahatmya from the environs of present-day Mangaluru.

It seems to be an adjective and/or apposition in the descriptions of various divine or semi-divine beings. Some guesses include something like "big," "chief," or "elevated" (??). I am aware of the architectural significance of the word तोरण/toraṇa, but there seems to be some other intended significance here.

I had asked this question on Facebook several years ago. Dr. Péter-Dániel Szántó was generous to suggest looking into Dravidian dictionaries. But even with the help of the peerless Dr. Jason Schwartz, we found nothing of note. I am now revising my dissertation chapter devoted to this text, so the issue has raised its head once again.

Thanks!

PS. I know that उत्तोरण (49.21) is almost certainly the proper name of a demon tamed by a siddha in a previous section of the text, but I've still included it because it could share some significance with the other examples.