Aleksandar Uskokov
Lector in Sanskrit
South Asian Studies Council, Yale University
203-432-1972 | aleksandar.uskokov@yale.edu
Dear Caley (but also Aleksandar and Madhav),
The problem posed by the markedly non-pithy discursive Pali "suttas" is actually a pseudo-problem. Properly speaking, the Pali discourses are called suttantas (sUtrAnta), and only sutta for short, which implies that they elaborate upon or complete in some way something different, called suttas. The word sutta by itself is used within Pali discourses in particular cases, most notably in various lists of angas, which have been discussed by Lamotte, von Hinueber, and others. These angas probably referred to "genres" so to speak of early Buddhist literature. Sometimes scholars have assumed that the sutta-anga just refers to the suttantas, ie, the discourses as they come down to us, but this is almost certainly incorrect. I argue in the JIABS paper that I already cited that the word sutta referred to the pithy formulations of dhamma that served as oral formulas for use in performing the larger discursive suttantas.
Best,
Nathan
Thanks all for a very interesting discussion.
I was wondering Nathan, if you might say a bit more about your critique of the sūkta hypothesis, or perhaps send me your article.I kind of favor it myself, but I want to know your take as your book has been so influential on my morerecent thinking of the web of LateVedic/Renouncer/Householder webs of conceptual reinvention.
The reason I was partial to the sūkta model, is I think Rigvedic sūktas (from the perspective of the anthologizers of the text and maintainers of theanukramaṇīs) are conceptually animate. That is the reperformed speech act of a figure of memory, who could be a legendary human, god, or even a river.Figures like Atri and the "Atris" that followed him. Whatever their vision-experience was (dhī) it was wrought into the form of a poem, frozen in verbal amber, and thus the oral tradition is preserving not just the words of legendary figures but their perspective, breath, mind, etc. (the components of the self in the later Vedic tradition that frequently enter and exit the figure of Prajāpati). In the Rigveda itself, we see satyam uktam, but I don't think it's until the Khilāni that we get sūktam vacas with the explicit noun the adjective modifies before its history of adjective substantivization takes its course. It is not just "well" said, I think but "truly" said. The re-performance of something imagined to have been an original first performance once upon a time. When Atri found the Sun, or when Vasiṣṭha aided Sudās, when Indra turned the Maruts into his entourage, when Viśvāmitra cajoled the rivers Vipāś and Śutudrī, etc. In other words a kind if impersonation and re-enactment is, I will argue in my book the Invisible Mask baked into much of the Rigvedic sūktas (of the inner maṇḍalas at least) as an exponent of a particular kind of textuality. In an oral tradition you will never encounter a "dead text" like a book that merely contains information, you will encounter a person, a father, whose voice is laden with the voices of an unbroken succession of fathers, going back to a legendary forerunner. An animate voice, an active intelligence, who embodies generations of poetic intelligences going back to an imagined First (most of my thoughts on all of this are in my book ms The Invisible Mask).
Compare this to the earliest text we think of as a sūtra, the Baudhāyanaśrautasūtra, is not like this at all. They are stage directions that only refer to the actor's script when necessary. Personal identity is extremely understated, the assumed subject of the verb is often just whoever is the acting adhvaryu or if not him then it's just the yajamāna but these are offices not individuals. Their textuality, their performativity, is very different than that of the sūkta.
So, I suppose it's worth asking: which of the two is the buddhavacanam more like? Is reciting the buddhavacanam a kind of impersonation? Speak like the Buddha to be more like the Buddha? Does it have this kind of re-enactive/impersonation component in the way I think the mantra-period yajña did? Or are they more like stage directions? Or perhaps they are nothing like either of these and wholly dissimilar to Vedic textualities. Not knowing the Buddhist materials nearly as well as the other contributors to this thread, I am extremely curious about your thoughts on this.
Best,Caley
On Tue, May 11, 2021 at 9:52 AM Uskokov, Aleksandar via INDOLOGY <indology@list.indology.info> wrote:
Interestingly Śaṅkara gives a similar illustration in his BSBh 1.1.2: vedānta-vākya-kusuma-grathanārthatvāt sūtrāṇām; vedānta-vākyāni hi sūtrair udāhṛtya vicāryante; "The sūtras ae for knitting the flowers that are the Upaniṣadic passages; for, the Upaniṣadic passages themselves are examined through the sūtras."
One benefit of reading sutta as sūkta is that it is no longer mysterious why Brahmanical sūtras are so economical and Buddhist having so much repetition. Later Brahmanical definitions all associate sūtra with being short and having few worlds and syllables.
Best wishesAleksandar
Aleksandar Uskokov
Lector in Sanskrit
South Asian Studies Council, Yale University
203-432-1972 | aleksandar.uskokov@yale.edu
From: INDOLOGY <indology-bounces@list.indology.info> on behalf of Lubin, Tim <LubinT@wlu.edu>
Sent: Tuesday, May 11, 2021 9:22 AM
To: Rupert Gethin <Rupert.Gethin@bristol.ac.uk>; INDOLOGY@list.indology.info <indology@list.indology.info>
Subject: Re: [INDOLOGY] The Buddhist term suttaBut this is not really much to support sutta < sūkta, since the regular Pāli form parallel to sūkta includes the glide -v-, as Skt ukta ~ Pāli vutta and similarly in other MIA languages, which all seem to preserve the initial v- of the verbal root *vac- (Pischel §337), despite the vowel change a > u before a labial (§104).
And anyway, Buddhaghosa here is offering multiple exegetical “etymologies” (an old technique beginning already in the Vedic brāhmaṇa-prose), which are alternative or mutually complementary. The last of the six offered here relies on the “thread” meaning, explained using two distinct analogies which, if anything about the author’s sense of the basic literal meaning of the term is to be inferred from that fact, would point rather to a stronger awareness of sutta as connected with threads:
… suttasabhāgañ c’etaṃ yathā hi tacchakānaṃ suttaṃ pamāṇaṃ hoti evaṃ etam pi viññūnaṃ, yathā ca suttena saṅgahītāni pupphāni na vikirīyanti na viddhaṃsiyanti evam etena saṅgahītā atthā.
The trans. of the whole passage:
This Scripture shows, expresses, fructifies,
Yields, guards the Good, and is unto the wise
A plumb-line; therefore Sutta is its name.
For it shows what is good for the good of self and others.
It is well expressed to suit the wishes of the audience. It has
been said that it fructifies the Good, as crops fructify their
fruit; that it yields the Good as a cow yields milk; and that
it well protects and guards the Good. It is a measure to the
wise as the plumb-line is to carpenters. And just as flowers
strung together are not scattered nor destroyed, so the Good
strung together by it does not perish. Hence it has been said,
to facilitate the study of the word-definition:
This Scripture shows, expresses, fructifies,
Yields, guards the Good, and is unto the wise
A plumb-line; therefore Sutta is its name.
(tr. Maung Tin, The Expositor, v. 1, PTE (1920), p. 24
Best,
Tim
_________________________________________
Timothy Lubin
Jessie Ball duPont Professor of Religion and Adjunct Professor of Law
204 Tucker Hall
Washington and Lee University
Lexington, Virginia 24450American Council of Learned Societies fellow, 2020–21
National Endowment for the Humanities fellow, 2020–21https://lubin.academic.wlu.edu/
http://wlu.academia.edu/TimothyLubin
https://ssrn.com/author=930949
https://dharma.hypotheses.org/people/lubin-timothy
From: INDOLOGY <indology-bounces@list.indology.info> on behalf of INDOLOGY <indology@list.indology.info>
Reply-To: Rupert Gethin <Rupert.Gethin@bristol.ac.uk>
Date: Monday, May 10, 2021 at 7:29 PM
To: INDOLOGY <indology@list.indology.info>
Subject: Re: [INDOLOGY] The Buddhist term sutta
Oskar von Hinüber suggests here that the Theravāda tradition offers no support for a derivation of sutta from sūkta. (In der Theravāda-Überlieferung findet die Annahme, daß sutta- eigentlich sūkta- entspräche, nirgends eine Stütze, wie die lange Erörterung zu sutta-, As 19, 15–26 mit aller Deutlichkeit zeigt.)
However, the Atthasālini passage cited here (= Sp I 19 = Sv I 17) quotes and explains a mnemonic verse that offers 6 ways of taking sutta; the second of these is precisely sūkta (Pali suvutta):
"As revealing benefits, as well spoken (suvutta), as productive, as yielding,
as sheltering well, as a universal measuring cord, it is called sutta.”
"For a sutta reveals various benefits for ourselves and others. And in it these benefits are spoken well (suvutta) since they are spoken in accordance with the disposition of those who are to be trained …"
atthānaṃ sūcanato suvuttato savanato ’tha sūdanato |
suttāṇā suttasabhāgato ca suttan ti akkhātaṃ ||
taṃ hi attatthaparatthādibhede atthe sūceti. suvuttā c’ ettha atthā veneyyajjhāsayānulomena vuttattā ...
Rupert Gethin
--
Rupert Gethin
Professor of Buddhist Studies
University of BristolDepartment of Religion and Theology
3 Woodland Road ● Bristol BS8 1TB ● UK
On 10 May 2021, at 21:13, Lubin, Tim <LubinT@wlu.edu> wrote:
Oskar von Hinüber (1994: “Die Neun Aṅgas,” p. 132) approvingly cites Mayrhofer’s judgment (EWA III/ 492) that the derivation from sūkta is “entbehrlich”; he cites a long discussion of the term in Buddhaghosa’s Atthasālinī 19.15–26 as evidence against it.
Tim Lubin
From: INDOLOGY <indology-bounces@list.indology.info> on behalf of INDOLOGY <INDOLOGY@list.indology.info>
Reply-To: Andrew Ollett <andrew.ollett@gmail.com>
Date: Monday, May 10, 2021 at 3:28 PM
To: Jim Ryan <jim_ryan@comcast.net>
Cc: INDOLOGY <INDOLOGY@list.indology.info>
Subject: Re: [INDOLOGY] The Buddhist term sutta
Dear Jim,
See Max Walleser's 1914 book, footnote on p. 4:
K. R. Norman and Gombrich accepted this suggestion. I suppose Pollock got it from Gombrich.
Andrew
On Mon, May 10, 2021 at 2:22 PM Jim Ryan via INDOLOGY <indology@list.indology.info> wrote:
Dear all,
Sheldon Pollock in The Language of the Gods in the World of Men (p. 52) suggests that the Buddhist term “sutta” does not derive from the Sanskrit sūtra, but rather from sūkta. Sanskrit double consonant clusters do show regular assimilation, regressively and progressively, in Prakrit, where two different consonants become a double of one of them. I’m interested in hearing learned opinion on Pollock’s suggestion. I had not noticed this interesting detail, when I first read this book some years ago.
James Ryan
Asian Philosophies and Cultures (Emeritus)
California Institute of Integral Studies
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