a student of mine asks me about the form sajjate usually presented (in Western dictionaries and grammars at the least) as a passive alternative/epic form of sajyate (see infra; also, even more surprising, the form sajjati is sometimes also given as a secondary passive form). I am not a specialist of grammar, nevertheless I have a real difficulty to consider as a passive form something without an apparent -ya suffix (and without middle ending for sajjati — note that the latter form is also proposed by Whitney G to come from a Cl. IV *sajyati or from *sasjati), and, additionally, why in this case to postulate such an assimilation jj < jy and not a more obvious or natural ñj > jj . It seems indeed to me more easy to consider sajjate (and sajjati) as alternative M (and A) form = *sañjate (and *sañjati, which is given by Kale G), beside more classical sajate/i. The two causative forms sañjayati and sajjayati appears to confirm this explanation (cf. also in MW the double entry sajj = sañj); however, the other has for it the epic abs. °sajja (for °sajya) given by Wackernagel (I have not Oberlies here at hand to check this reference).

Thank you for your comments. Especially, I would be interested to know

1° if it happens that indigenous grammars also consider sajjate as a passive form

2° linguistic historical or comparative arguments for jj < jy rather than < ñj

Best wishes,

Christophe

From: Edmond Differding
Sent: Tuesday, October 15, 2019 18:19
To: Christophe Vielle <christophe.vielle@uclouvain.be>
Subject: sañj sajjate

Voici ce que j’ai trouvé sur sajjate :

Grammaire de Whitney §746

Whitney Roots :

Renou §9 [p. 8] :

"Assimilation... par prākritisme... sont ainsi passés dans la langue sajj- 46a)"

[> §46a, p. 50]: "Les rac. en -jj- données gr. comme reposant sur -sj-"

Renou §71.a)1) [p. 77] :

rac. sañj – dépourvue de nasale au présent (en ya), facultativement au causatif, et le maintient ailleurs

Macdonell :

133.A.4.: mentionne juste: perd la nasale : saj-a-

Huet/Heritage :

sañj var. saj v. [1] pr. (sajati) pr. r. (sajate) pft. (sasañja) pp. (sakta) pf. (anu, ā, ni, pra, sam) adhérer — ps. (sajjate) être attaché à, être suspendu à

Monier Williams :

[ sajj ]2 ( = √ [ sañj ] ; cf. [ sajjaya ] ) , Caus. [ sajjayati ] , to cling , adhere , fasten or fix or attach to (loc.) Lit. Kathās. ; to fix (the mind) upon Lit. BhP. ; to cause one's self to be embraced (by other men) Lit. Mn. viii , 362.

[ sañj ]2 Root ( or [ saj ] ) cl. [1] P. ( Lit. Dhātup. xxiii , 18) [ sájati ] ( rarely Ā. [ °te ] ; pf. [ sasañja ] Lit. Br. ( in some rare and doubtful cases in Lit. MBh. and Lit. Ragh. [ sasajja ] ) ; 3. pl. [ sejuḥ ] Lit. ŚBr. ; aor. [ asāṅkṣīt ] , [ sāṅkṣīt ] , UP. ; [ asañji ] Lit. Br. ; [ ásakthās ] , [ °ta ] Lit. RV. Lit. Br. ; Prec. [ sajyāt ] Gr. ; fut. [ saṅktā ] , [ saṅkṣyati ] Lit. ib. ; inf. [ saktum ] Lit. MBh. ; [ saṅktos ] Lit. Br. ; ind.p. [ -sajya ] , [ -sáṅgam ] Lit. ib. ) , to cling or stick or adhere to , be attached to or engaged in or occupied with (loc.) Lit. Br. Lit. Ragh. Lit. Naish. : Pass. [ sajyáte ] ( generally [ sajjate ] , ep. also [ °ti ] ) , to be attached or fastened , adhere , cling , stick (with [ na ] , " to fly through without sticking " , as an arrow) Lit. ŚBr. ; to linger , hesitate Lit. MBh. Lit. R. ; to be devoted to or intent on or occupied with (loc.) Lit. MBh. Lit. Kāv. : Caus. [ sañjayati ] (aor. [ asasañjat ] ; for [ sajjayati ] see √ [ sajj ] ) , to cause to stick or cling to , unite or connect with (loc.) Lit. Bhag. Lit. Śaṃk. : Desid. [ sisaṅkṣati ] see [ ā-√ sañj ] : Intens. [ sāsajyate ] , [ sāsaṅkti ] Gr. ( ( cf. accord. to some , Lat. (segnis) ; Lith. (segu4) , " I attach. " )

Böthlingk & Roth:

sañj , sajati Dhātup. 23, 18 (saṅge, pariṣvaṅge). P. 6, 4, 25.  Vop. 8, 102.  asāṅkṣīt (s. u. pra), sasañja, sasañjatus und sasajatus Vop.  asaktaḥ saṅkṣyāmi (vgl. unter ā und Kār. 2 aus Siddh. zu P. 7, 2, 10 ); partic. sakta .
1) anhängen, zusammenhängen Śāṅkh. Br. 24, 1.  yad adya dugdhaṃ pṛthivīm asakta sich hängen an Tbr. 1, 4, 3, 3.
— 2) act. hängen bleiben, sich anheften: sasañjuḥ (sasajjuḥ ed. Calc.) — mattebhakaṭeṣu phalareṇavaḥ Ragh. 4, 47.
— 3) pass. sajyate hängen (intrans.) an Śat. Br. 10, 2, 6, 8. 14, 6, 9, 28. 11, 6.  gewöhnlich mit Assimilation sajjate (episch auch sajjati, welches Dhātup. 7, 22 als bes. Wurzel in der Bed. gatau angefuhrt wird; etc……

— anu
1) act.
a) behängen: ātmānaṃ rasena Śat. Br. 7, 3, 1, 3.
— b) hinzufügen Pār. Gṛhy. 1, 5. 8.
— 2) pass.
a) °sajyate
α) hängen bleiben —, haften an (loc.): dharmapūte ca manasi nabhasīva na jātu rajo 'nuṣajyate Daśak. 64, 18.  sich anschliessen Comm. zu Vs. Prāt. 4, 173.
— β) sich wieder anschliessen so v. a. aus dem Vorangehenden nachgelten, - zu ergänzen sein: saṃnidhānād evety anuṣajyate Comm. zu Kap. 1, 98.  Sāh. D. 238, 4.
— b) °ṣajjate
α) sich Jmd (acc.) anschliessen so v. a. auf dem Fusse folgen: gopās tam anvasajjanta śakaṭaiḥ Bhāg. P. 10, 39, 33. 83, 34.
— β) hängen an so v. a. sich hingeben, sich beschäftigen mit, mit den Gedanken, mit dem Herzen bei Etwas (loc.) sein: indriyārtheṣu, karmasu Bhag. 6, 4.  kuśale karmaṇi  18, 10.  kāye Bhāg. P. 4, 20, 5.  draviṇe  11, 23, 23.

Puis encore dans :

Wackernagel, Vol 1, p163 : jj < jy

Kale : Higher Sanskrit Grammar App II p 138:

Bref, je n’ai rien trouvé de règle solide qui explique le jj ! Renou parle de géminations en général, mais j’avoue ne pas avoir compris….

J’attends vos commentaires !

Bonne soirée,

Edmond

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Christophe Vielle
Louvain-la-Neuve