The "classical" apavyaya- seems to hark back to the root vyā/vī [PW/pw = MW/Apte "vye"] + prefix apa, not to "vyay/vyaya" as ultimately derived from the root i.

This is why Graßmann/PW/pw/MW relate the prefix apa exclusively to vyā/vī/vye, but never to "vyay". See also Ch. Werbas "Verba Indoarica", pp. 411 f.

Usage of apa + vyā/vye is already attested in the Rigveda, semantically perhaps still somewhat remote, yet not absolutely distant from the meaning it acquires in the classical period:

RV 6.75.7d    ánapavyayantaḥ

RV 7.81.1c    ápo máhi vyayati cákṣase támo

Best,

WS

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Am So., 12. Aug. 2018 um 15:49 Uhr schrieb Madhav Deshpande via INDOLOGY <indology@list.indology.info>:

Dear Dan,

     Thanks for these two references to apavyayamāna in old texts.  I just checked Kangle's translation of the Arthaśāstra passage and he translates this as "if the officer denies all charges."  I did find the ManuS, 8, 51.1 arthe 'pavyayamānaṃ tu karaṇena vibhāvitam / in Patrick Olivelle's critical edition, with numerous alternative readings.  I don't have his translation at hand, but Buhler translates this as "But him who denies a debt which is proved by good evidence."  So it looks like in both passages, the meaning of apavyayamāna is something like "one who denies charges."  This is very different from the meaning of apavyaya as wasteful or improper use of money or time which it has in modern languages like Marathi, and which some of the Sanskrit dictionaries are reporting without a citation from a classical text.  Some of these expressions are re-entering Sanskrit in the modern usage of Sanskrit in meanings these expressions have in modern languages.

Madhav M. Deshpande

Professor Emeritus

Sanskrit and Linguistics

University of Michigan

[Residence: Campbell, California]

On Sun, Aug 12, 2018 at 6:29 AM Dan Lusthaus <prajnapti@gmail.com> wrote:

Not sure how significant this is, but the online Digital Corpus of Sanskrit gives two fairly early occasions - one in Arthaśāstra and the other in Manusmṛti.

Manusmá¹›ti

ManuS, 8, 51.1 arthe 'pavyayamānaṃ tu karaṇena vibhāvitam / 

Arthaśāstra

ArthaŚ, 2, 8, 26.1 anekeṣu cābhiyogeṣvapavyayamānaḥ sakṛd eva paroktaḥ sarvaṃ bhajeta // 

See https://kjc-sv013.kjc.uni-heidelberg.de/dcs/index.php?contents=lemma&IDWord=21160

Dan

On Aug 12, 2018, at 9:12 AM, Madhav Deshpande via INDOLOGY <indology@list.indology.info> wrote:

Thanks, Roland, for these references.  While vyaya is a common usage going back to old classical texts, the particular formation of apavyaya is a relatively newer formation.  It is more common in modern languages, and probably entered into Sanskrit dictionaries through the usage of some Pandits who were the source for western scholars.  That is my best guess.

Madhav M. Deshpande

Professor Emeritus

Sanskrit and Linguistics

University of Michigan

[Residence: Campbell, California]

On Sun, Aug 12, 2018 at 3:31 AM Roland Steiner via INDOLOGY <indology@list.indology.info> wrote:

I assume that the source of MW's entry "apa-vyaya m. (√ i), 
prodigality, L." (MW, 1st edition 1872: "apavyaya apa-vyaya, as, m. 
(rt. i with apa and vi), prodigality") is probably Wilson's 
Sanskrit-English Dictionary: "apavyaya m. (-yaḥ) Prodigality."

Cp. also Böhtlingk/Roth's PW s.v. 1. vyay:

"(von vyaya), vyayati und °te verausgaben, verthun, verschleudern: 
kośāṃstvamavyayīḥ Bhaṭṭ. 15, 17. vāri vyayati vāride Spr. (II) 3936. 
kṣudramāyamanālocya vyayamānaḥ svavāñchayā  2020.  tadavaśiṣṭaṃ ca 
bhojanavyayena vyayitam Hit. 98, 17.  māṃsam  60, 10. — vyayayati 
dass. (vittasamutsaṃrge) Dhātup. 35, 78. gatau und tyāge 
Kavikalpadruma  im Śkdr."

≈ MW s.v. 1. vyay: "cl. 1. Ā. P. vyayati, °te (rather Nom. fr. vyaya 
below), to expend, spend, waste, Bhaṭṭ.; Hit.;  Subh.; cl. 10. P. 
vyayayati id., Dhātup. xxxv, 78; to go, move, ib."

* * *

See also PW s.v. vyaya:

"2) b) in Verbindung mit kośasya, arthasya, vittasya, dhanasya, 
draviṇasya Einbusse —, Hingabe —, Verausgabung —, Aufwand eines 
Schatzes u. s. w.: kāle cāsya (kośasya) vyayaṃ kuryāt Kām. Nītis. 5, 
87. arthasya saṃgrahe caināṃ vyaye caiva niyojayet M. 9, 11. artha° 
Bhāg. P. 5, 26, 36.  H. 387. vittasya (vibhūṣaṇaṃ) pātre vyayaḥ Spr. 
(II) 1487. vittasya corubhārasya cikīrṣansadvyayam Bhāg. P. 3, 2, 32. 
nijavittavyayabhayam Spr. 2380.  Sarvadarśanas. 3, 5.  dhana° Varāh. 
Bṛh. S. 103, 12  (°karī) . Kathās. 75, 34.  Rāja-Tar. 8, 748.  Daśak. 
62, 10.  lāvaṇyadraviṇa° Spr. 2667.  Ohne solche Ergänzung Ausgabe, 
Aufwand (Gegens. āya, āgama, lābha) Ak. 3, 3, 17.  H. 1516.  P. 1, 3, 
36.  Vop. 23, 28.  vyaye cāmuktahastā Spr. 5140.  °parāṅnukhī Yājñ. 1, 
83.  °madhye Rāja-Tar. 6, 38.  Kathās. 52, 317  (pl.). nānāvyayeṣu   
57, 138.  evaṃ guptanigīrṇāṃstānmṛgayasvāmuto vyayam (wohl vyaye zu 
lesen) so v. a. zu Ausgaben  141.  dīnārānprāggīrṇānvyayeṣvadāt   
151.fg.  vibhajāvastāndīnārānasti me vyayaḥ so v. a. mir stehen 
Ausgaben bevor  60, 217.  Varāh. Bṛh. S. 53, 77. 79, 5. 104, 10. 18.   
Pañcat. 138, 4.  āyavyayau M. 8, 419.  Yājñ. 1, 326.  Mbh. 3, 8599.fg. 
  āye vyaye mahadduḥkham Spr. (II) 605. (I) 5055.  kriyatāṃ vyayaḥ (so 
ed. Bomb., vyayaṃ ed. Calc.) Mbh. 15, 393.  Mārk. P. 81, 14. nātyayaṃ 
ca vyayaṃ kuryāt Kām. Nītis. 5, 77.  vyayaṃ vyadhā Rāja-Tar. 4, 661.   
kaccidāyasyārdhena - vyayaḥ saṃśodhyate tava wird der Aufwand 
bestritten? Mbh. 2, 204.  tena sarvavyayasaṃśuddhiḥ saṃpadyate Pañcat. 
251, 16.  kuṭumbārthe kṛto vyayaḥ M. 8, 166.  kaccinna pāne dyūte vā 
krīḍāsu pramadāsu ca . pratijānanti pūrvāhṇe vyayaṃ vyasanajaṃ tava .. 
Ausgaben für Mbh. 2, 203.  samutthāna° M. 8, 287.  tāmbūlādi° Kathās. 
57, 149.  bhojana° Hit. 98, 17.  gṛha° Pañcat. 251, 18.  svalpa° Spr. 
2222. 5394.  Hit. 46, 8  (°vyaye mit Johns.  zu lesen). ati° Spr. (II) 
154. 1959.  Hit. 104, 15.  atula° adj. Rāja-Tar. 8, 733.  nityavyayā 
adj. Spr. 3132.  ardhyapātrānumitavyayasya rāghoḥ so v. a. 
Verausgabung alles Geldes Ragh. 5, 12.  kuḍya° Kosten Yājñ. 2, 223.   
Mittel zum Aufwand, Geld  2, 276.

pw (= small Petersburg dictionray by Böhtlingk) s.v. vyaya: "2)b) 
Einbusse, Verlust. c) Hingabe, Aufopferung. kiṃ, na kuryāḥ śaravyayam 
warum opferst (d.i. gebrauchst) du nicht deine Pfeile? d) kośasya, 
arthasya, vittasya, dhanasya, draviṇasya oder in Comp. mit diesen 
Einbusse ~, Hingabe ~, Verausgabung ~, Aufwand eines Schatzes u.s.w. 
Ohne solche Ergänzung Ausgabe, Aufwand, ~ für, Kosten von (Loc. oder 
im Comp. vorangehend). Auch Pl. e) Mittel zum Aufwand, Geld."

≈ MW s.v. vyaya:  "m. spending, expense, outlay, disbursement (opp. to 
āya, ‘income’, and often with kośasya, vittasya, dhanasya &c.; without 
a gen. = ‘extravagance, waste, prodigality’; with loc. or ifc. = 
‘outlay for or in’), Mn. ; MBh.  &c. cost, sacrifice of (gen. or 
comp.; vyayena ifc. = ‘at the cost of’), R. ; Kālid. wealth, money, 
Yājñ. ii, 276

* * *

pw, s.v. ativyaya:  "m. Verschwendung Spr.154."

≈ MW s.v. ativyaya: "m. lavish expenditure."


Best,
Roland Steiner


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