Date of usage of the word Bhaarata to denote India

Fri Dec 31 13:59:10 UTC 2010

Looks are probably deceiving here, Andrea. The Malay word in question is inherited from Proto-Malayo Polynesian *habaRat 'northwest monsoon' according to  the interesting article K. Alexander Adelaar, 1997, "An Exploration of Directional Systems in West Indonesia and Madagascar", in Gunter Senft (ed.), Referring to Space. Studies in Austronesian and Papuan Languages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 53-81. Moreover, early loans of words with aspirated consonants in Indo-Aryan yield insertion of a vowel in Malay, not loss of the aspiration (e.g. bahaya < bhaya, pahala < phala, dirgahayu < dīrghāyu).
Best wishes,
Arlo GriffithsEFEO/Jakarta

> Date: Sun, 26 Dec 2010 08:41:46 +0100
> From: andreaacri at MAC.COM
> Subject: Re: [INDOLOGY] Date of usage of the word Bhaarata to denote India
> To: INDOLOGY at liverpool.ac.uk
> 
> Not sure whether this is useful, anyway: in Indonesian/Malay barat  
> means 'West'. Although I am not 100% certain, I believe that the word  
> derives from the Sanskrit bhārata (I do not have Gonda and other  
> lierature at hand at the moment so I can't check; I am also not sure  
> about when the term became of common use). Compare also 'orang  
> barat' (people from the West, Westerners). It would appear that in pre- 
> modern Indonesia bhårata denoted 'India', which is westward with  
> respect to Indonesia. One may compare the use of the term 'yavana' in  
> India itself to denote people coming from the West ('greeks', 'arabs',  
> etc.).
> 
> Best wishes,
> 
> A.
> 
> 
> On Dec 26, 2010, at 5:38 AM, Dipak Bhattacharya wrote:
> 
> > Thanks for the note! I am reminded of an incident in this  
> > connection. Long ago, a Turkish student of Sanskrit had told me that  
> > one of the terms denoting spices was baarat  in mainland Turkey. He  
> > asked me if there was any connection with India. I was somewhat  
> > surprised because the word was not known to me as having been of  
> > popular use before the modern age.. But, before I could complete my  
> > enquiry, the student was called back to Turkey. He had to go back  
> > leaving his studies incomplete and I gave up the investigation.  
> > Could anyone throw light?
> > Best wishes for all
> > DB
> >
> >
> >
> > --- On Sat, 25/12/10, Alfred Hiltebeitel <beitel at GWU.EDU> wrote:
> >
> >
> > From: Alfred Hiltebeitel <beitel at GWU.EDU>
> > Subject: Re: [INDOLOGY] Date of usage of the word Bhaarata to denote  
> > India
> > To: INDOLOGY at liverpool.ac.uk
> > Date: Saturday, 25 December, 2010, 11:20 PM
> >
> >
> > We may note additionally in this discussion that according to  
> > Maitrāyaṇi Saṃhitā 2.6.6 and Taittirīya Saṃhitā 1.8.10.1-2,  
> > in the Rājasūya ceremony it is announced, “This is your king,  
> > Bhāratas,” on which Heesterman in his book on the Rājasūya  
> > (1957, 70) notes that Āpastamba Śrautasūtra annotates  
> > "Bhāratas” as “respectively Kurus, Pañcālas, Kuru-Pañcālas,  
> > or simply people.”  Āpastamba would thus seem to take  
> > “Bhāratas” as the default name that covers these janapadas or  
> > the “people” of at least these, and possibly other, territories.  
> > It would seem that the Mahābhārata is probably the first to then  
> > link this name with Bhāratavarṣa as a still larger people-and- 
> > land, and not through Sudās but through Śakuntalā’s son Bharata.  
> > This could make it interesting that Aśoka and Manu do not use the  
> > term.
> >
> >
> > Alf Hiltebeitel
> > Professor of Religion and Human Sciences
> > Department of Religion
> > 2106 G Street, NW
> > George Washington University
> > Washington DC 20052
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: Dipak Bhattacharya <dbhattacharya200498 at YAHOO.COM>
> > Date: Saturday, December 25, 2010 11:48 am
> > Subject: Re: [INDOLOGY] Date of usage of the word Bhaarata to denote  
> > India
> > To: INDOLOGY at liverpool.ac.uk
> >
> >
> >> Yes, you are right! The use of the uncompounded word bhaarat(a) in  
> >> the
> >> sense of India was not common even in the earlier half of the
> >> nineteenth century. The social reforrmer Vidyasagar (1820-1891) of
> >> Calcutta had addressed the women of Bhaaratavarsha during his  
> >> movement
> >> for widow mrriage and women's right to education. Akshay Kumar Datta
> >> had written his book Bharatavarshiya Upasak Sampraday 'Indian Sects'
> >> about the same time. The word Bhaarat came to be in use in the sense
> >> of India perhaps from late nineteenth century. Tagore used the term.
> >> So also some leaders of the Indian National Congress. The final stamp
> >> of authenticity might have been given by the Indian Constitution.
> >>   Seasonal Greetings and Best Wishes!
> >>   DB
> >>
> >>   --- On Sat, 25/12/10, Christopher Wallis <bhairava11 at gmail.com>  
> >> wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>   From: Christopher Wallis <bhairava11 at gmail.com>
> >>   Subject: Re: [INDOLOGY] Date of usage of the word Bhaarata to  
> >> denote
> >> India
> >>   To: "Dipak Bhattacharya" <dbhattacharya200498 at yahoo.com>
> >>   Date: Saturday, 25 December, 2010, 7:20 AM
> >>
> >>
> >>   Dear colleague,
> >>
> >>    I perhaps should have been more clear; I was aware of the compound
> >> bhaaratavar.sa in earlier sources, but I was (perhaps mistakenly)
> >> assuming that bhaarata was not found by itself in the meaning "India"
> >> until the modern period.  My author uses Bhaarata to mean "all the
> >> land in which tiirthas are found" so that is clearly not just north
> >> India.  Does anyone else have any further evidence to date this  
> >> usage?
> >>
> >>   Happy holidays to all!
> >>
> >>   thank you,
> >>   Chris
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>   On 24 December 2010 20:55, Dipak Bhattacharya
> >> <dbhattacharya200498 at yahoo.com> wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>   25 12 10
> >>
> >>   Harisvāmin’s commentary on the Śatapatha-Br.1.8.1.2 aughá  
> >> imāḥ
> >> sárvvāḥ prajā́ḥ nirvvoḍhā runs as : sa imāḥ  
> >> bhāratavarṣanivāsinīḥ
> >> prajāḥ nirvoḍhā niḥśeśaṃ deśāntaraṃ prāpayitā. The  
> >> word will be found
> >> in all the major Purāṇas in Jambudvīpavarṇanam. Cf.,Matsya-P. 
> >> 122.te
> >> bhāratasya varṣasya bhedā yena prakīirtitāḥ . Emperor Asoka  
> >> knew only
> >> the word Jambudvīpa.
> >>   Best
> >>
> >>   DB
> >>
> >>   --- On Fri, 24/12/10, Christopher Wallis <bhairava11 at GMAIL.COM>  
> >> wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>   From: Christopher Wallis <bhairava11 at GMAIL.COM>
> >>   Subject: [INDOLOGY] Date of usage of the word Bhaarata to denote  
> >> India
> >>   To: INDOLOGY at liverpool.ac.uk
> >>   Date: Friday, 24 December, 2010, 5:13 PM
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>   Dear esteemed colleagues,
> >>
> >>   Happy holidays.  I am reading and translating a very late ha.tha- 
> >> yoga
> >> text
> >>   called the Yoga-Kar.nikaa, the date of which can possibly be
> >> determined by
> >>   its use of the phrase* sarvatiirthe.su bhaarate*.  Does anyone  
> >> know the
> >>   earliest usage of Bhaarata in the meaning "India"?  I am guessing  
> >> 19th
> >>   century, but I really don't know.
> >>
> >>   thank you,
> >>   Chris Wallis
> >>
> >>   --
> >>   ______________________________________
> >>
> >>   Christopher D. Wallis, M.A. (Cal), M.Phil. (Oxon)
> >>
> >>   University of California at Berkeley
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >
> >
> >